Gloria Galloway is one of two Canadian Press staffers holding down the Ontario desk one Friday evening in May. She has the jumpy manner youâd expect from an acting news editor entangled in deadlines at the national wire service. She cheerfully describes how cooperative the Northern Ontario newspapers are in filing stories on the federal election campaign. But the reality driving that cooperation is not so cheery. As a result of staff cuts, the only CP reporters available are tied up covering government announcements at the Ontario legislature.
It has been nearly a month since CPâs board of directors gave final approval to a plan to revamp the service. The plan caps a crisis-filled year during which many feared the agency would go belly up. But do the changes make CPâs future any more secure?
On her computer screen, Galloway pulls up a long list of stories filed that day by various member newspapers. Itâs an impressive list that suggests the âNew CPâ concept might work. Certainly Galloway has the stoic, âwe have to make it work, itâs our jobâ attitude thatâs common at CP.
Attitude isnât everything, though. There are serious gaps in the plan that continue to leave CP vulnerable to a future crisis. The new plan calls for CP to rely on its owners â the nearly 90 member papers â to contribute the bulk of its stories, leaving CP acting more like a traffic cop than a traditional wire service. This Faustian deal means a reduced role for CP as a newsgatherer, with a restricted mandate to cover stories newspaper editors can anticipate, like press conferences and court decisions, as well as breaking news.
Beyond that, the plan is short on details. It fails to offer any coherant timetable for its implementation, nor does it address the likelihood, due to declining newspaper circulations, of further reductions in the fees CPâs members pay next year. CP already dropped its fees 25 percent for 1997 to keep Southam Newspapers from leaving the cooperative. The rollback precipitated major staff reductions at CP.
The dealâs most significant achievement is a pledge by all member papers to work with CP to ensure its survival and save everyone money.
Newspaper editors will have to tell CP a day in advance what stories they are covering and who has been assigned. Using this information, so the theory goes, it will be possible to avoid assigning several reporters from competing papers to cover a story when one will do. A reporter will not only be working for his or her own paper that day, but for every CP paper, and will be expected to file updates throughout the day to a CP editor, who in turn will write the story that is then âwiredâ to all the members. That way, it is hoped, no superfluous stories will be going out on the wire. Member papers will still file analytical and feature stories to CP but, as is the case now, they are under no obligation to give away their prized family jewels â exclusive stories â to other CP papers.
In practical terms, the new approach has been creeping into CPâs way of doing things by stealth rather than command. CP has been increasing its reliance on member papers to pick up the slack when CP reporters arenât available. The most recent example was the federal election campaign: only one CP reporter was assigned full-time to cover the whole campaign. The rest of the coverage was handled by a combination of CP bureau staff and member paper reporters.
While many smaller papers are dependent on CP for their provincial, national and international stories, the bigger papers, who are the main sources of these stories, can afford to be blaseâ. Their willingness to co-operate will decide the success or failure of the member-exchange component of CP.
Southamâs vice-president of editorial, Gordon Fisher, maintains his papers will support the plan because it will save his company approximately $2.5 million a year. âWe pay a significant amount of money towards this cooperative,â he maintains. âA member exchange is one of the more efficient ways we can find to deliver news without incurring a huge amount of expense.â
âWhat is CP needs a story earlier than a reporter normally files?â asks managing editor Jane Perves of Halifaxâs Chronicle-Herald and Mail-Star. âTheoretically, they should be spending all their time doing the story for our paper.â
Jane Purves is an enthusiastic supporter of CP. Nonetheless she wonders if CP editors will be caught in a contest of wills with editors at member papers. She would like to see a reporterâs CP obligations involve simply calling in a quote or raw data. She would have a problem if a reporter working on a major story for her paper was distracted by CPâs needs.
The Globe and Mail is conidering hiring a full-time co-ordinator to handle the heavy volume of stories that paper generates for CP. Newspaper managers elsewhere are split on the question of whether the plan will increase workloads. The extent that it does so will be a crucial test of their commitment.
Not only will editors need to regularly âloanâ reporters to CP, they will have to change how they do things on a daily basis if the plan is to work. Editors will have to file an assignment list one day in advance to CP, a task that could get easily overlooked when papers get hit with multiple big stories.
âItâs pretty minor stuff,â says Perry Beverley, the co-publisher of Brockvilleâs Recorder and Times. Although the Recorder and Times is an afternoon paper where copy is edited in the morning, Beverley has no plans to switch an editor to an evening shift to fit CPâs deadlines.
Deadlines are a particularly thorny question in a country that spans six time zones. Newspapers on the East coast can file stories at the end of the day and still meet CP deadlines that are pegged at Toronto time. The problem is with newspapers west of Ontario; they will have to file stories well before the end of the day. In the case of B.C., filing will have to be done in the morning so that stories picked up by CP will be ready in time for East coast papers.
The copy will have to go out to CP unedited.
At the Edmonton Sun, editor-in-chief Paul Stanway isnât sanguine about sending out unedited copy. Stanway had editorial deadlines pushed back to 6 p.m. 18 months ago as part of a re-organization at the paper, but they still mean copy would be sent straight from reporters to CP, where copy needs to be in between 4 p.m. and 9 p.m. Toronto time. Stanway is concerned the CP staff will not have the time to fact-check stories to weed out mistakes, which would reflect poorly on his paper.
The anticipated deadline crunch has been nicknamed âthe big dumpâ in CP circles: a tidal wave of material hitting the wire serviceâs desks all at once, leaving editors scrambling to do re-writes before newspapers are put to bed.
CP general manager Jim Poling, who vacates he job in June, believes this problem will be solved by the restructuring, not exacerbated by it. âThe volume of copy has already dropped significantly,â he says. âWe are hoping for a wider spectrum of deadlines. Hopefully you are going to get your copy spread out over a longer period, instead of over the course of a couple of hours. You might not need a massive shift of people to a certain time.â
Poling claims the resolution is in better planning which will result in fewer unwanted stories. Fewer stories, so Poling maintains, means more time for editors to re-write.
At CPâs Winnipeg bureau, Canadian Media Guild vice-president Scott Edmonds is sceptical. He isnât convinced the slimmed down CP will have the staff to handle what he sees as an increasing workload.
âIt sounds like the meatgrinder approach to journalism,âsays Edmonds. âThere is no way these desks are going to be able to cope with any degree of thoughtfulness with this copy. The pressure is going to be too great.â
Edmonds also sees a bigger problem in staff moral. âThe majority of people working for Canadian Press donât want their career to end up as a re-writer⊠It will require a lot more attention on the desk for this material, so we will be taking resources away from reporting. In other words, taking somebody away from doing the story to redoing the story.â
CPâs raison dâetre is its ability to turn out stories written in a homogenous national voice that can be tailored for a specific paperâs readers. Another important asset is the agencyâs ability to quickly add knowledge and background to stories, drawing on the experience of its reporters and editors. According to Martin OâHanlon at CPâs Ontario Desk, cut-backs have compromised this ability. Three business reporters have been poached by the Financial Post, including Ian Jack and Sandy Rubin. Over 40 talented reporters and editors took buyouts in the fall of 1996.
This means CP isnât as well equipped as it once was to turn raw copy from reporters into high-quality journalism that can draw the respect and admiration of its subjects.
âOur reporters are not trained to write for a national audience,â emphasizes Jane Purves in Halifax.
Scott Edmonds doesnât believe member contributors are a substitute for CP staff. âIâm very concerned about attempting to replace quality staf-written material that caters to a national audience and is written to uniform standards, with material picked up from newspapers that in some cases may be very good, but in some cases may not be of the same quality.â
There is a great deal of confusion over when the plan is supposed to kick in. One camp, which includes Jim Poling, sees it more as a gradual, evolutionary change that will take several years to fine tune. There are others who want to see trial runs. Still others believe there will be a date set for a total national switch-over.
Perry Beverley favours test sites and single switch-over date.
âOnce that D-Day time is chosen for the switch-over into the restructured CP,â she says, âthere will be an appointed person in the newsroom responsible for sending the schedule to CP.â
Purves favours a gradual switch. âA shot-gun approach might backfire. Iâd rather have a gradual approach providing we had a starting date and an aim.â
âWe donât have to have a roll-out day,â says Poling. âBut if all the managers and staff rise up and say âshit, we need test sites,â then I will listen. Anybody who is waiting for a date will be disappointed. All of this started a long time ago and is a continuing process that will take a couple of years to get everything in place.â
Seven regional news committees will co-ordinate and oversee this new approach, each one staffed by representatives from member papers and CP. According to the plan, these regional news committees will act as enforcers for the new regime. They will work out the logistics of member exchange and use fines to penalize papers that miss deadlines or obstruct exchange.
How such an approach would work in practice is still up in the air. âAt some point everybody is going to act against the interests of the co-op,â maintains Purves. âThey will be wondering, âwill I be fined for this?’â
Nobody contacted by SCAN could tell us what these fines would be, how violations would be investigated or what constituted offences. Purves wondered what deterrence value the fines would have if a paper thought it had acted in its best interests. If paper X decided to hold back a juicy scoop that was supposed to be that dayâs CP story, a fine of $2,000 might be worth incurring if it sells more newspapers. It was generally agreed none of these committees would meet until after the federal election at the earliest.
For now, Poling is generally optimistic (though he wonât around past June and a replacement has yet to be found). He is talking about raising salaries for the first time in five years, about hiring new staff, about stabilizing life at CP.
The lower fees have lured back one newspaper group, British Columbiaâs Sterling. A trial use of CP stories started at the beginning of May. It remains to be seen whether New Brunswickâs Telegraph Journal/Times Globe papers will return, after pulling out of CP in 1993 and hiring more of its own reporters with the money saved. Publisher Jamie Milne remains coy as to his interest in returning to CP, but Poling thinks a deal will be worked out by the fall.
And what about the mood of the man charged with overseeing CPâs transition? Jim Poling, as some CP staffers like to mention, is losing that cautious reserve managers usually have for talking to the media. He isnât happy with the state of the print media in Canada.
âThere has been a lot of cutting in this industry,â says an audibly frustrated Poling. âThe fact of the matter is this: cutting isnât the only answer to having an efficient operation. There has to be some money available to allow journalists to walk around a bit. People who walk around and poke at things and stare at things write good stories.â
With phones ringing all around us, Galloway begins to think out loud about possible wrinkles in the new CP plan: how newspaper reporters at trials will have to keep leaving the courtroom to file updates for CP, how stories written for local papers will translate for national readers, how hard it can be for local, non-CP reporters to cover elections when they donât know what questions have been asked elsewhere on the campaign trail.
But Galloway has to get back to work. She has to push the Toronto Star to file a story early so the Hamilton Spectator can pick it up.
Scan magazine was published for media professionals in Toronto, Canada in the 1990s.“The Big Dump”Breaking the news to CP staff.
The screensaver on an Undercurrents researcherâs computer terminal bears a maxim that might strike a chord in a lot of CBC units these days: âOnly the paranoid survive.â
The quirky media and technology show will fade to black at the end of March. Its cancellation raises a host of issues for a CBC deeply troubled by budget cuts, an ageing audience, a dearth of alternative programme concepts and an inability to plan for a future.
In the showâs pilot, Wendy Mesley â Undercurrentsâ host and progenitor â set the tone for this accessible look at the relationship among technology, media and society: âLike it or not we are living in a wired world where OJ Simpson, Big Brother, even your bank machine, all converge ⊠weâll explore all the issues, the undercurrents of the information age.â
To those who loved it, Undercurrents was a program that satisfied a vital public need, and an ambitious concept for a public broadcaster that some say had grown a little musty. The show promised avant-garde production and investigative journalism that critically explored todayâs new media and technology culture. Youngish researchers and producers were hired from outside the CBC. They brought with them experience and new ideas from specialty channels, TV Ontario and CTV. Some came straight out of journalism school.
Critical reaction to the first programs was mixed. John Doyle, a critic with the Globe and Mailâs Broadcast Week, lauded Undercurrents when it launched, calling it âa superb example of solid CBC-TV journalism and original reporting.â Others were less flattering. The Toronto Starâs Greg Quill accused the show of âflirting with infotainment.â At the Vancouver Sun, Alex Strachan wasnât impressed by a report on a weekend conclave of computer geeks in the California desert for a kind of Hackerstock. âIt sounds interesting,â he wrote, âbut it isnât.â
What hurt more was schedulers playing musicial chairs with the showâs slot. Switching Undercurrents from Tuesday at 7 pm to Friday at 7 pm midway through its life left viewers confused and sent ratings plummeting just as network programmers were casting about for places to apply a whopping 30 percent budget cut. As a result, some feel the show never had a fighting chance.
In the end, it was the showâs precarious financial arrangement that killed it. Undercurrents was never funded from the general current affairs budget. Instead, it drew on a special reserve of cash created by the network. When it came time to mete out the cuts in December, the special funding bubble burst. Rather than cut further into the budgets of flagship current affairs programs, executives chose to drop Undercurrents.
Executive producer Frances Mary (FM) Morrison acknowledges that gratitude for her programâs special funding obscured a recognition of its fragility. âThat was really our Achilles heel,â she says. âWe were just this little orphan that didnât have its own money. We werenât adopted into the larger family.â
With the network funding gone, Undercurrentsâ budget (rumoured to be over a million dollars per season) was nowhere to be found. Discussions about chasing a corporate sponsor went nowhere because the show needed more money than any sponsor could have provided. âIt was never an issue of $100,000 or $200,000,â says Morrison. âIt was the issue of our entire budget. [CBC] would still have had to come up with the rest of it.â
CBC TVâs news, current affairs and Newsworld director Bob Culbert and former current affairs head Norm Bolen both say they wanted the show to stay on the air but couldnât find a way to fund it withou seriously hurting programs like The Fifth Estate, Marketplace and Venture.
Bolen, now VP of programming at the History and Entertainment Network, says it came down to choosing between The Health Show and Undercurrents. The Health Show won because it had a âbigger audience, a broader demographic and was bringing in revenue from sales of programming to the specialty channels.â
Mesley has another theory. âThe majority of people who worked on this programme are not traditional CBCers⊠They canât bump, they donât get huge severance packages. Of course, if you want a future, those are the wrong reasons for letting people go.â
With its intensive focus on issues like the abuse of computer-morphed images, surreptitious âdata-miningâ of consumer purchase records, or media âfreebies,â thereâs no question that Undercurrents has met a need in this media-saturated world. But controversy over the cancellation centres on the age-old question of CBC and the youth audience.
Morrison and Mesley both say they intended the show to appeal to a younger-than-usual CBC audience. But CBC executives werenât convinced it was an audience the network could, or should, go after. According to Culbert, a youth mandate was something the production team brought to Undercurrents. âIt started as a media ethics show targeted at a classic CBC audience. Nobody sat around one day and said âletâs invent the show that will go after younger viewers.ââ
Bolen expresses a profound lack of faith in the under-30 audience. âPeople under 30 donât watch information programming, okay? Letâs get that straight. I sure wouldnât spend the rest of my life trying to get an audience that doesnât watch a certain genre of programming. This is a business where you pay attention to reality. People under 30 watch trashy American sitcoms, which Iâm not in the business of doing, and which the CBC isnât in the business of doing.â
âI think thatâs bullshit,â says Reid Willis, producer and director of CityTVâs Media Television. âPeople under 30 are interested in whatâs going on in the media. The 20 to 30 group is more media savvy than the generation that preceded them.â But Willis thinks the lack of information programming pitched at a young audience is down to a lack of interest from advertisers.
Mesley and Morrison remain convinced Undercurrents did appeal to a younger audience, but felt it was sabotaged by the schedule shuffling. In the showâs first slot, Tuesdays at 7 pm, its average audience was 499,000. The biggest night came on Sunday, October 22, 1995 when a repeat aired at 9:30 pm got an audience of 865,000. But Undercurrentsâ debut in the 96/97 season in its new 7 pm slot on Fridays was demoralizing for the crew. Morrison reports the audience for the season opener at 438,000 and 434,000 for a strong programme the following week.
She says the numbers built as audiences found the programmeâs new location, peaking at 678,000 on December 6. According to CBC audience research figures, average minute audience for the 96/97 season to February 2 stood at 518,000 viewers.
âFriday at seven was not a good place for Undercurrents,â claims Morrison. âItâs an older audience. In fact the audience for Air Farce [which followed Undercurrents at 7:30] is quite old, surprisingly old. I was actually astonished to find out how old that audience was.â
CBC audience research bears Morrison out, reporting that the 18-34 demographic for both Air Farce and Undercurrents has been identical this season â a mere 14 percent of the total audience.
Fridays at seven is also a heavily competitive slot packed with overhyped American tabloid TV shows like Entertainment Tonight, Inside Edition, Hard Copy and A Current Affair. Morrison says focus groups told her that audiences in that time period surf around looking for stories they like and then switch around with no loyalty to a particular programme.
âPeople build a menu. We took a leaf out of the tabloid book in terms of our presentation in order to survive in the seven oâclock environment.â
Undercurrentsâ jerky camera work and flashy graphics didnât endear itself to everyone, a fact the showâs producers recognized early on. âI can point to stories where we sabotaged ourselves with stylistic extremes,â admits Morrison.
But Mesley bristles at accusations the show was all style and no content, or a clone of Media Television. âWe are the antithesis of Media Television. Obviously everyone has adopted their style from rock videos. But they get nearly all their video as handouts. We are not saying, âThis is hip.â We are not saying, âThis is the latest consumer thing you can add to your collection.â We are saying âThink about this.ââ
Undercurrentsâproducers express pride in the showâs innovations. They cite its lead role in web page design at the corporation., its efforts at promoting a more playful visual presentation, and its success in promoting an acceptance of media stories elsewhere in news and current affairs. But what seemed to enliven everyone interviewed for this story was a love of the public broadcasting ethos, where stories are told because they are important, not because advertisers say they are important. Many of the young researchers and producers at Undercurrents had done time at the privates, and appreciated the freedom and extensive resources offered by the CBC. But they felt they had come to a CBC whose values were in peril.
âIt will be like C-SPAN here,â quipped an Undercurrents freelancer who has done time at the specialty channels.
Others who thrived in the upbeat atmosphere at Undercurrents say theyâre not too keen to look for work elsewhere in the CBC. One such is 25-year-old researcher Bret Dawson. âItâs not a happy place,â he says.
Itâs not clear what, if any, programming will replace Undercurrents. If the current trend prevails, it looks like any new programming will have to survive on a smaller budget, generate outside income and prove it can draw in viewers in short order. Under those conditions, people at Undercurrents and elsewhere wonder how long CBCâs commitment to innovative new programming can hold out.
CBC TV’s Undercurrents host Wendy Mesley. Scan Magazine was published in the 1990s for Canadian media professionals.
In 2021 Wendy Mesley commented on the story in a Tweet.
David South Consulting 
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